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Log-Log Regression

MAL Effect — log-log regression slopes β(1→max)

Pegah Faghiri, Kim Gerdes, Sylvain Kahane (2026). Verifying the Menzerath-Altmann law in the verbal domain in 180 languages. UDW26 @ LREC 2026.

Statistical threshold: a value MAL_n is included in the regression only if it has at least 100 occurrences. Mini-plots use a single global axis range so slopes are visually comparable.

Effect categories: β > 0.1: MAL · β < -0.1: Anti-MAL · |β| ≤ 0.1: gray zone.

Cross-tabulations (paper Tables 1–3)

These reproduce the contingency tables of paper §5.1 directly from the numbers shown in the big table below.

Table 1 — MAL × language type

Table 1a — MAL type per language family
FamilyIENon-IETotal
Anti-MAL6410
gray zone223759
MAL382462
Total6665131
Table 1b — MAL type per VO/OV type
VO/OV typeNDOOVVOTotal
Anti-MAL22610
gray zone13202659
MAL6164062
Total213872131

Reproduces paper Table 1 (§5.1). n = 131 languages with a computable MAL β. Numbers are recomputed live from the data and may differ by 1–4 entries from the printed paper if the underlying treebank counts have changed.

Table 2 — RMAL / LMAL × language family

Table 2a — RMAL type per language family
FamilyIENon-IETotal
Anti-RMAL347
gray zone51015
RMAL562581
Total6439103
Table 2b — RMAL type per VO/OV type
VO/OV typeNDOOVVOTotal
Anti-RMAL2237
gray zone24915
RMAL1196181
Total151573103

Reproduces paper Table 2 (top) (§5.1). n = 103 languages with a computable RMAL β. Numbers are recomputed live from the data and may differ by 1–4 entries from the printed paper if the underlying treebank counts have changed.

Table 3a — LMAL type per language family
FamilyIENon-IETotal
Anti-LMAL151429
gray zone282856
LMAL201939
Total6361124
Table 3b — LMAL type per VO/OV type
VO/OV typeNDOOVVOTotal
Anti-LMAL242329
gray zone12192556
LMAL5151939
Total193867124

Reproduces paper Table 2 (bottom) / Table 3 (§5.1). n = 124 languages with a computable LMAL β. Numbers are recomputed live from the data and may differ by 1–4 entries from the printed paper if the underlying treebank counts have changed.

Languages discussed in the paper §5.3 (zoom on outliers)

Click to jump to their row in the table below.

Per-language β(1→max) — full table (Appendix A of the paper)

📄 next to a language name opens a page of real sample sentences from that language’s treebank, with the verb (red) and its dependents (green) highlighted, illustrating the configurations on which MAL is computed.

Language ⇅Family ⇅VO ⇅MAL β(1→max) ⇅LMAL β(1→max) ⇅RMAL β(1→max) ⇅p-value [?] ⇅Sig. [?] ⇅
Abaza 📄Caucasian0.10———0.974n.s.
Abkhaz 📄Caucasian0.01
β = -0.071 (gray zone)
β = 0.073 (gray zone)		—0.341n.s.
Afrikaans 📄Indo-European0.16
β = 0.181 (MAL)
β = 0.187 (MAL)
β = 0.553 (MAL)		0.044MAL✓
Akkadian 📄Afroasiatic0.05
β = 0.052 (gray zone)
β = 0.086 (gray zone)		—0.486n.s.
Akuntsu 📄South-American0.06———0.327n.s.
Albanian 📄Indo-European0.93
β = -0.045 (gray zone)
β = 0.116 (MAL)
β = 0.475 (MAL)		0.361n.s.
Amharic 📄Afroasiatic0.01
β = 0.074 (gray zone)
β = 0.302 (MAL)
β = -0.004 (gray zone)		0.665n.s.
AncientGreek 📄Indo-European0.56
β = 0.054 (gray zone)
β = -0.056 (gray zone)
β = 0.011 (gray zone)		0.675n.s.
AncientHebrew 📄Afroasiatic0.87
β = 0.029 (gray zone)
β = -0.129 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.029 (gray zone)		0.416n.s.
Apurinã 📄South-American0.88———0.081n.s.
Arabic 📄Afroasiatic0.97
β = 0.158 (MAL)
β = -0.118 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.096 (gray zone)		0.776n.s.
Arhuaco 📄South-American0.02
β = 0.127 (MAL)
β = 0.253 (MAL)		—0.054n.s.
Armenian 📄Indo-European0.46
β = 0.056 (gray zone)
β = -0.055 (gray zone)
β = 0.152 (MAL)		0.11n.s.
Assyrian 📄Afroasiatic0.80———0.427n.s.
Azerbaijani 📄Turkic0.00———0.547n.s.
Bambara 📄Niger-Congo0.00
β = -0.286 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.515 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.197 (Anti-MAL)		0.052n.s.
Basque 📄Other0.14
β = 0.061 (gray zone)
β = 0.183 (MAL)
β = 0.112 (MAL)		0.013MAL✓
Bavarian 📄Indo-European0.50
β = 0.134 (MAL)
β = 0.089 (gray zone)
β = 0.752 (MAL)		0.038MAL✓
Beja 📄Afroasiatic0.01
β = 0.379 (MAL)
β = 0.404 (MAL)		—0.004MAL✓
Belarusian 📄Indo-European0.87
β = 0.181 (MAL)
β = 0.085 (gray zone)
β = 0.344 (MAL)		0.072n.s.
Bengali 📄Indo-European0.09———0.512n.s.
Bhojpuri 📄Indo-European0.03
β = -0.041 (gray zone)
β = 0.092 (gray zone)		—0.154n.s.
Borôro 📄South-American0.00
β = 0.134 (MAL)
β = 0.229 (MAL)
β = 0.097 (gray zone)		0.003MAL✓
Breton 📄Indo-European0.92
β = 0.119 (MAL)		—
β = 0.200 (MAL)		0.061n.s.
Buglere 📄South-American0.01
β = -0.009 (gray zone)
β = -0.051 (gray zone)		—0.58n.s.
Bulgarian 📄Indo-European0.96
β = 0.172 (MAL)
β = 0.166 (MAL)
β = 0.326 (MAL)		0.656n.s.
Buryat 📄Other0.01
β = 0.159 (MAL)
β = 0.195 (MAL)		—0.016MAL✓
Cantonese 📄Sino-Austronesian0.97
β = -0.052 (gray zone)
β = -0.238 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.394 (MAL)		0.009anti✓
CappadocianGreek 📄Indo-European0.93——
β = 0.236 (MAL)		0.429n.s.
Catalan 📄Indo-European0.99
β = 0.255 (MAL)
β = 0.251 (MAL)
β = 0.363 (MAL)		0.466n.s.
Cebuano 📄Sino-Austronesian1.00———0.181n.s.
CentralKurdish 📄Indo-European0.06———0.316n.s.
Chhintange 📄Sino-Austronesian0.04
β = 0.215 (MAL)
β = 0.193 (MAL)		—0.554n.s.
Chinese 📄Sino-Austronesian0.99
β = -0.039 (gray zone)
β = -0.151 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.530 (MAL)		0.079n.s.
Chukot 📄Other0.44
β = -0.047 (gray zone)
β = 0.007 (gray zone)		—0.74n.s.
ClassArmenian 📄Indo-European0.66
β = 0.005 (gray zone)
β = -0.068 (gray zone)
β = 0.007 (gray zone)		0.05n.s.
ClassChinese 📄Sino-Austronesian1.00
β = 0.075 (gray zone)
β = 0.039 (gray zone)
β = 0.011 (gray zone)		0.01MAL✓
Coptic 📄Afroasiatic1.00
β = -0.151 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.486 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.034 (gray zone)		0.015anti✓
Croatian 📄Indo-European0.90
β = 0.268 (MAL)
β = 0.145 (MAL)
β = 0.348 (MAL)		0.289n.s.
Czech 📄Indo-European0.84
β = 0.240 (MAL)
β = 0.223 (MAL)
β = 0.417 (MAL)		0.144n.s.
Danish 📄Indo-European0.98
β = 0.131 (MAL)
β = 0.261 (MAL)
β = 0.310 (MAL)		0.009MAL✓
Dutch 📄Indo-European0.44
β = 0.087 (gray zone)
β = 0.151 (MAL)
β = 0.487 (MAL)		0.113n.s.
Egyptian 📄Afroasiatic1.00
β = 0.081 (gray zone)		—
β = -0.203 (Anti-MAL)		0.202n.s.
English 📄Indo-European0.99
β = 0.059 (gray zone)
β = -0.297 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.186 (MAL)		0.605n.s.
Erzya 📄Uralic0.61
β = -0.016 (gray zone)
β = -0.002 (gray zone)
β = 0.269 (MAL)		0.492n.s.
Esperanto 📄Indo-European0.90———0.377n.s.
Estonian 📄Uralic0.67
β = 0.208 (MAL)
β = 0.177 (MAL)
β = 0.448 (MAL)		<0.001MAL✓
Faroese 📄Indo-European0.95
β = -0.076 (gray zone)
β = -0.010 (gray zone)
β = 0.020 (gray zone)		0.012anti✓
Finnish 📄Uralic0.75
β = 0.107 (MAL)
β = 0.064 (gray zone)
β = 0.384 (MAL)		0.002MAL✓
French 📄Indo-European1.00
β = 0.254 (MAL)
β = 0.006 (gray zone)
β = 0.316 (MAL)		<0.001MAL✓
FrisianDutch 📄Indo-European0.40
β = 0.331 (MAL)		——0.064n.s.
Gaelic 📄Indo-European1.00
β = 0.348 (MAL)		—
β = 0.236 (MAL)		0.03MAL✓
Galician 📄Indo-European0.99
β = 0.391 (MAL)
β = 0.242 (MAL)
β = 0.504 (MAL)		<0.001MAL✓
Gbaya 📄Niger-Congo0.99——
β = 0.172 (MAL)		0.214n.s.
Georgian 📄Caucasian0.49
β = 0.149 (MAL)
β = -0.038 (gray zone)
β = 0.437 (MAL)		<0.001MAL✓
German 📄Indo-European0.37
β = 0.171 (MAL)
β = 0.200 (MAL)
β = 0.535 (MAL)		0.12n.s.
Gheg 📄Indo-European0.95
β = 0.114 (MAL)
β = -0.039 (gray zone)
β = 0.313 (MAL)		0.074n.s.
Gothic 📄Indo-European0.68
β = -0.120 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.065 (gray zone)
β = -0.123 (Anti-MAL)		0.036anti✓
Greek 📄Indo-European0.97
β = 0.213 (MAL)
β = -0.036 (gray zone)
β = 0.322 (MAL)		0.01MAL✓
Guajajára 📄South-American0.77
β = 0.081 (gray zone)		—
β = 0.175 (MAL)		0.711n.s.
Guarani 📄South-American0.67———0.506n.s.
Gujarati 📄Indo-European0.03———0.893n.s.
Gwichʼin 📄Other0.00———0.144n.s.
Haitian 📄Indo-European0.99
β = 0.190 (MAL)
β = -0.294 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.299 (MAL)		0.042MAL✓
Hausa 📄Afroasiatic1.00
β = -0.163 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.401 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.073 (gray zone)		0.033anti✓
Hebrew 📄Afroasiatic0.98
β = 0.194 (MAL)
β = 0.197 (MAL)
β = 0.319 (MAL)		0.002MAL✓
HighlandNahuatl 📄South-American0.87
β = 0.229 (MAL)
β = 0.104 (MAL)
β = 0.427 (MAL)		0.537n.s.
Hindi 📄Indo-European0.04
β = 0.099 (gray zone)
β = 0.027 (gray zone)
β = 1.031 (MAL)		0.025MAL✓
Hittite 📄Indo-European0.00———0.592n.s.
Hungarian 📄Uralic0.52
β = 0.052 (gray zone)
β = 0.076 (gray zone)
β = 0.242 (MAL)		0.121n.s.
Icelandic 📄Indo-European0.91
β = -0.035 (gray zone)
β = -0.172 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.215 (MAL)		0.554n.s.
Indonesian 📄Sino-Austronesian1.00
β = 0.108 (MAL)
β = -0.069 (gray zone)
β = 0.314 (MAL)		0.022MAL✓
Irish 📄Indo-European1.00
β = 0.046 (gray zone)
β = -0.313 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.149 (MAL)		0.093n.s.
Italian 📄Indo-European0.96
β = 0.146 (MAL)
β = 0.003 (gray zone)
β = 0.221 (MAL)		0.024MAL✓
Japanese 📄Other0.00
β = 0.025 (gray zone)
β = 0.022 (gray zone)		—0.546n.s.
Javanese 📄Sino-Austronesian0.97
β = 0.223 (MAL)
β = -0.005 (gray zone)
β = 0.215 (MAL)		0.003MAL✓
Kaapor 📄South-American0.12———0.174n.s.
Kangri 📄Indo-European0.03———0.037MAL✓
Karelian 📄Uralic0.87———0.721n.s.
Karo 📄South-American0.03
β = 0.055 (gray zone)
β = 0.067 (gray zone)		—0.342n.s.
Kazakh 📄Turkic0.00
β = 0.057 (gray zone)
β = 0.074 (gray zone)		—0.47n.s.
Khoekhoe 📄Other0.03
β = -0.040 (gray zone)
β = 0.065 (gray zone)
β = -0.371 (Anti-MAL)		0.925n.s.
Khunsari 📄Indo-European0.00———0.049MAL✓
Kiche 📄South-American0.97
β = 0.046 (gray zone)		—
β = 0.209 (MAL)		0.905n.s.
Komi 📄Uralic0.59
β = -0.037 (gray zone)
β = 0.010 (gray zone)
β = 0.201 (MAL)		0.556n.s.
Komi-Permyak 📄Uralic0.68———0.948n.s.
Korean 📄Other0.00
β = 0.127 (MAL)
β = 0.121 (MAL)
β = -0.055 (gray zone)		0.073n.s.
Kurmanji 📄Indo-European0.05
β = 0.139 (MAL)
β = -0.126 (Anti-MAL)		—0.049MAL✓
Kyrgyz 📄Turkic0.00
β = 0.148 (MAL)
β = 0.150 (MAL)		—0.04MAL✓
Latgalian 📄Indo-European1.00———0.426n.s.
Latin 📄Indo-European0.47
β = -0.235 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.137 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.101 (Anti-MAL)		0.228n.s.
Latvian 📄Indo-European0.80
β = 0.109 (MAL)
β = -0.016 (gray zone)
β = 0.296 (MAL)		0.23n.s.
Ligurian 📄Indo-European0.99
β = -0.066 (gray zone)
β = 0.052 (gray zone)
β = 0.552 (MAL)		0.184n.s.
Lithuanian 📄Indo-European0.82
β = 0.147 (MAL)
β = -0.077 (gray zone)
β = 0.376 (MAL)		0.64n.s.
Livvi 📄Uralic0.69———0.578n.s.
LowSaxon 📄Indo-European0.45
β = 0.098 (gray zone)
β = 0.139 (MAL)
β = 0.513 (MAL)		0.611n.s.
Luxembourgish 📄Indo-European0.20———0.049MAL✓
Macedonian 📄Indo-European1.00———0.057n.s.
Madi 📄South-American0.00———0.492n.s.
Maghrebi 📄Afroasiatic0.98
β = 0.122 (MAL)
β = 0.153 (MAL)
β = 0.165 (MAL)		0.529n.s.
Makuráp 📄South-American0.00———0.329n.s.
Malayalam 📄Dravidian0.01———0.166n.s.
Maltese 📄Afroasiatic0.97
β = 0.297 (MAL)
β = -0.068 (gray zone)
β = 0.409 (MAL)		0.001MAL✓
Manx 📄Indo-European1.00——
β = 0.388 (MAL)		0.715n.s.
Marathi 📄Indo-European0.01
β = 0.124 (MAL)
β = 0.099 (gray zone)		—0.497n.s.
MbyáGuaraní 📄South-American0.51
β = -0.009 (gray zone)
β = 0.002 (gray zone)		—0.473n.s.
MiddleFrench 📄Indo-European0.96
β = 0.120 (MAL)
β = -0.288 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.153 (MAL)		0.051n.s.
Moksha 📄Uralic0.76
β = 0.067 (gray zone)
β = 0.064 (gray zone)		—0.635n.s.
Mundurukú 📄South-American0.08———0.32n.s.
Naija 📄Indo-European1.00
β = -0.248 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.734 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.133 (MAL)		0.03anti✓
Nayini 📄Indo-European0.00———0.046MAL✓
Neapolitan 📄Indo-European1.00———0.117n.s.
Nenets 📄Uralic0.01———0.282n.s.
Nhengatu 📄South-American0.97
β = 0.025 (gray zone)
β = 0.137 (MAL)
β = 0.100 (gray zone)		0.182n.s.
NorthSami 📄Uralic0.88
β = 0.028 (gray zone)
β = -0.004 (gray zone)
β = 0.191 (MAL)		0.015MAL✓
Norwegian 📄Indo-European0.99
β = 0.216 (MAL)
β = 0.184 (MAL)
β = 0.393 (MAL)		0.002MAL✓
Occitan 📄Indo-European1.00
β = 0.212 (MAL)
β = -0.152 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.334 (MAL)		0.102n.s.
OldChurchSlavonic 📄Indo-European0.67
β = -0.129 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.169 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.084 (gray zone)		<0.001anti✓
OldEastSlavic 📄Indo-European0.55
β = -0.255 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.209 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.161 (Anti-MAL)		0.14n.s.
OldEnglish 📄Indo-European0.78———0.334n.s.
OldFrench 📄Indo-European0.71
β = -0.047 (gray zone)
β = -0.177 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.147 (MAL)		0.005anti✓
OldIrish 📄Indo-European1.00———0.584n.s.
OldProvençal 📄Indo-European0.82
β = -0.200 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.443 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.007 (gray zone)		0.01anti✓
OldTurkish 📄Turkic0.00—————
Oriya 📄Indo-European0.02———0.059n.s.
OttomanTurkish 📄Turkic0.03
β = 0.065 (gray zone)
β = 0.029 (gray zone)		—0.116n.s.
Pashto 📄Indo-European0.00———0.561n.s.
Paumarí 📄South-American0.61———0.161n.s.
Persian 📄Indo-European0.00
β = -0.014 (gray zone)
β = -0.086 (gray zone)
β = 0.684 (MAL)		0.168n.s.
Pesh 📄Other0.09
β = 0.103 (MAL)
β = -0.045 (gray zone)		—0.586n.s.
Phrygian 📄Indo-European0.15———0.04MAL✓
Polish 📄Indo-European0.85
β = 0.136 (MAL)
β = 0.118 (MAL)
β = 0.258 (MAL)		0.068n.s.
Pomak 📄Indo-European0.93
β = 0.049 (gray zone)
β = 0.102 (MAL)
β = 0.190 (MAL)		0.145n.s.
Portuguese 📄Indo-European0.99
β = 0.130 (MAL)
β = 0.134 (MAL)
β = 0.166 (MAL)		0.007MAL✓
Romanian 📄Indo-European0.89
β = 0.092 (gray zone)
β = -0.110 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.210 (MAL)		0.169n.s.
Russian 📄Indo-European0.86
β = 0.110 (MAL)
β = 0.075 (gray zone)
β = 0.319 (MAL)		0.914n.s.
Sanskrit 📄Indo-European0.15
β = -0.018 (gray zone)
β = 0.031 (gray zone)
β = 0.425 (MAL)		0.062n.s.
Serbian 📄Indo-European0.95
β = 0.170 (MAL)
β = 0.235 (MAL)
β = 0.372 (MAL)		0.085n.s.
Sicilian 📄Indo-European0.99
β = 0.315 (MAL)
β = -0.079 (gray zone)
β = 0.362 (MAL)		0.081n.s.
Sindhi 📄Indo-European0.03
β = -0.046 (gray zone)
β = 0.055 (gray zone)
β = 0.841 (MAL)		0.42n.s.
Sinhalese 📄Indo-European0.00———0.311n.s.
SkoltSami 📄Uralic0.35
β = 0.029 (gray zone)
β = -0.099 (gray zone)		—0.024MAL✓
Slovak 📄Indo-European0.85
β = 0.137 (MAL)
β = 0.235 (MAL)
β = 0.344 (MAL)		0.782n.s.
Slovenian 📄Indo-European0.79
β = 0.230 (MAL)
β = 0.059 (gray zone)
β = 0.416 (MAL)		0.087n.s.
Soi 📄Indo-European0.00———0.195n.s.
SouthernKurdish 📄Indo-European0.03———0.913n.s.
SouthLevantineArabic 📄Afroasiatic0.92———0.17n.s.
Spanish 📄Indo-European0.99
β = 0.205 (MAL)
β = 0.220 (MAL)
β = 0.257 (MAL)		0.003MAL✓
SpanishSign 📄Indo-European0.49———0.318n.s.
Swedish 📄Indo-European0.98
β = 0.106 (MAL)
β = 0.098 (gray zone)
β = 0.349 (MAL)		0.362n.s.
SwedishSign 📄Indo-European0.90———0.758n.s.
SwissGerman 📄Indo-European0.22
β = -0.002 (gray zone)
β = 0.170 (MAL)
β = 1.009 (MAL)		0.094n.s.
Tagalog 📄Sino-Austronesian1.00———0.1n.s.
Tamil 📄Dravidian0.00
β = 0.353 (MAL)
β = 0.379 (MAL)		—0.675n.s.
Tangkhul 📄Sino-Austronesian0.01
β = 0.107 (MAL)
β = 0.091 (gray zone)		—0.738n.s.
Tatar 📄Turkic0.00
β = -0.077 (gray zone)
β = -0.131 (Anti-MAL)		—0.054n.s.
Teko 📄South-American0.42
β = 0.101 (MAL)
β = 0.127 (MAL)		—0.347n.s.
Telugu 📄Dravidian0.01
β = 0.094 (gray zone)
β = 0.086 (gray zone)		—0.043MAL✓
TeluguEnglish 📄Dravidian0.04———0.332n.s.
Thai 📄Sino-Austronesian0.99
β = 0.087 (gray zone)
β = -0.225 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.296 (MAL)		<0.001MAL✓
Tswana 📄Niger-Congo1.00———0.201n.s.
Tupinambá 📄South-American0.31———0.65n.s.
Turkish 📄Turkic0.02
β = 0.136 (MAL)
β = 0.136 (MAL)
β = -0.057 (gray zone)		0.957n.s.
TurkishEnglish 📄Turkic0.42———0.412n.s.
TurkishGerman 📄Turkic0.26
β = 0.050 (gray zone)
β = 0.131 (MAL)
β = 0.403 (MAL)		0.182n.s.
Ukrainian 📄Indo-European0.87
β = 0.191 (MAL)
β = -0.043 (gray zone)
β = 0.316 (MAL)		0.263n.s.
Umbrian 📄Indo-European0.02———0.565n.s.
UpperSorbian 📄Indo-European0.67
β = 0.495 (MAL)
β = 0.500 (MAL)
β = 0.717 (MAL)		0.028MAL✓
Urdu 📄Indo-European0.03
β = 0.142 (MAL)
β = 0.048 (gray zone)
β = 0.759 (MAL)		0.158n.s.
Uyghur 📄Turkic0.00
β = 0.022 (gray zone)
β = 0.044 (gray zone)		—0.958n.s.
Uzbek 📄Turkic0.00
β = 0.140 (MAL)
β = 0.163 (MAL)		—0.006MAL✓
Veps 📄Uralic0.96———0.058n.s.
Vietnamese 📄Sino-Austronesian1.00
β = 0.014 (gray zone)
β = -0.198 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.239 (MAL)		0.471n.s.
Warlpiri 📄Other0.16———0.652n.s.
Welsh 📄Indo-European0.99
β = 0.630 (MAL)
β = -0.016 (gray zone)
β = 0.705 (MAL)		0.002MAL✓
WestArmenian 📄Indo-European0.40
β = -0.029 (gray zone)
β = -0.096 (gray zone)
β = 0.171 (MAL)		0.199n.s.
WestNahuatl 📄South-American0.95
β = 0.038 (gray zone)
β = 0.028 (gray zone)
β = -0.134 (Anti-MAL)		0.397n.s.
Wolof 📄Niger-Congo0.97
β = 0.059 (gray zone)
β = -0.317 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.219 (MAL)		0.247n.s.
Wu 📄Sino-Austronesian0.99
β = -0.003 (gray zone)
β = -0.055 (gray zone)		—0.081n.s.
Xavánte 📄South-American0.30———0.006anti✓
Xibe 📄Other0.00
β = -0.132 (Anti-MAL)
β = -0.132 (Anti-MAL)		—0.003anti✓
Yakut 📄Turkic0.03———0.197n.s.
Yiddish 📄Indo-European0.96
β = 0.038 (gray zone)
β = -0.102 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.286 (MAL)		0.347n.s.
Yoruba 📄Niger-Congo0.95
β = 0.341 (MAL)
β = -0.210 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.495 (MAL)		0.026MAL✓
Yupik 📄Other0.53
β = -0.045 (gray zone)		——0.17n.s.
Zaar 📄Afroasiatic0.97
β = 0.006 (gray zone)
β = -0.278 (Anti-MAL)
β = 0.353 (MAL)		0.55n.s.

Directional β(1→max) Scatter Plots

MAL vs LMAL

MAL vs RMAL

LMAL vs RMAL

Each point is one language; the dashed diagonal is x = y. Points off the diagonal reveal asymmetric MAL behavior between the compared directions. Color = language family.

Consistency: β(1→max) LMAL vs β(1→max) RMAL (paper §5.1)

One point per language with both LMAL and RMAL slopes (n = 95). Positive values = MAL compliance (paper convention). The dashed diagonal is x = y. Languages above the diagonal show stronger RMAL than LMAL (RMAL bias); languages in the bottom-right quadrant are the RMAL but Anti-LMAL family that drives the asymmetry discussed in §5.1 ("we can speak of both an RMAL bias and an Anti-LMAL bias").

Distribution of β(1→max) across languages — MAL / LMAL / RMAL

Interpretation: Each bar counts how many languages have a β(1→max) in that bin for the given direction. Bars to the right of zero show MAL compliance; bars to the left show anti-MAL behavior. Bin width is 0.05.

More plots per direction